A Short History Of The Trombone
- Melvyn Rolland
- 13 juin 2023
- 37 min de lecture
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Introduction:
The trombone, with its rich and resonant sound, has been a staple of classical, jazz, and popular music for centuries. From its origins in Renaissance Europe to its modern-day variations, the trombone has a fascinating history that spans continents and genres.
The trombone family encompasses a wide range of instruments, each with its unique characteristics and capabilities. From the familiar tenor and bass trombones to the rarer alto, soprano, and contrabass trombones, each type has its distinct sound and purpose. The evolution of these different types of trombones has been shaped by the advancements in technology, changes in musical styles, and the creativity of composers and performers throughout history.
We will embark on a journey through time, starting with the early precursors to the trombone in medieval and Renaissance Europe, where the instrument began to take shape with its distinctive slide mechanism. We will then explore the Baroque period, a golden age for trombones, with the instrument gaining popularity in orchestras and sacred music. Moving into the classical and romantic eras, we will witness the trombone's continued evolution and expansion into various musical genres.
Listening to trombone music while reading about the history, and cultural significance of the trombone can enhance your understanding and appreciation of this unique instrument. There are many great trombone compositions and recordings available that showcase the trombone's versatility and musical capabilities. You can find a list of suggestion for you to listen to at the end of this page “Listen to the Trombone”.
History:
The trombone has a long and fascinating history that spans several centuries. The instrument has evolved over time, and its development has been influenced by various musical, social, and technological factors. Here's a brief overview of the history of the trombone:
The ancestor
The trombone traces its roots back to the slide trumpet, which was a brass instrument played with a slide. The slide trumpet was first utilized during the Middle Ages by trumpet players in court orchestras. However, the trombone eventually replaced the slide trumpet in the 17th century as the precursor to the modern trombone.
In the orchestra, the trumpet is the most used brass instrument, followed by the French horn, which is often featured in romantic music. The trombone is the third most frequently used brass instrument in orchestras, often employed in brass band music. The tuba, as the fourth most used brass instrument, is also utilized in orchestras for big band and jazz music performances.
Origins:
The trombone's origins can be traced back to the Renaissance period in Europe, around the 15th century. It is an evolution from earlier trumpet-like instruments with a sliding tube, which allowed for variable pitch. These early sliding instruments were used for both sacred and secular music, and they were known by various names such as "sackbut" in England, "trompone" in Italy, and "trompette des ménestrels" in France.
The sackbut, which was the precursor to the modern trombone, had a narrow bore and a single slide made of wood or metal. The slide was used to vary the length of the tube, thus changing the pitch of the instrument. The sackbut was initially used primarily in outdoor settings, such as military bands and town bands, due to its strong and projecting sound. It was also used in early forms of orchestras, as well as in chamber music and vocal ensembles.
During the Renaissance and Baroque periods, the sackbut underwent several modifications to its design, including changes to the shape of the bell, the size of the bore, and the materials used in its construction. These changes led to improvements in its tone quality, intonation, and playability.
The trombone as we know it today, with its characteristic shape, size, and mechanical features, began to take shape during the Baroque period in the 17th and 18th centuries. The trombone was created to add depth and power to the music of the time. The trombone is the first brass instrument to become chromatic. It became a regular member of the orchestra, and its versatility and expressive capabilities made it a popular instrument for both ensemble and solo performances. The trombone's ability to produce a wide range of tones, from smooth legato to brilliant staccato, along with its ability to blend with other brass and woodwind instruments, made it an essential part of the musical landscape during this time.
Baroque Period:
During the Baroque period (1600-1750), the trombone became a popular instrument in both sacred and secular music. It was used in orchestras, chamber ensembles, and as a solo instrument. Trombones of this period had a larger bore and a more developed slide mechanism, allowing for greater flexibility and expressiveness in playing.
Here are some key aspects of the trombone's role during the Baroque period:
Ensemble Music: The trombone was a common instrument in Baroque ensembles, including orchestras, bands, and chamber groups. It was often used in combination with other brass and woodwind instruments, as well as with string instruments and voices. The trombone's unique ability to blend with other instruments while adding a rich, resonant quality to the ensemble sound made it an important component of Baroque music.
Church Music: The trombone was frequently used in sacred music during the Baroque period. It was often employed in large-scale choral works, such as masses, oratorios, and cantatas, to add grandeur and solemnity to the music. The trombone was particularly associated with ceremonial and celebratory music in churches, as its powerful and majestic sound was well-suited for festive occasions.
Solo Music: While the trombone was primarily used as an ensemble instrument during the Baroque period, there were also some solo compositions written for the trombone. These included solo works for trombone with basso continuo, as well as concertos where the trombone was featured as a solo instrument accompanied by an orchestra. These solo compositions showcased the trombone's expressive capabilities, including its ability to play virtuosic passages, lyrical melodies, and expressive solos.
Ornamentation and Improvisation: During the Baroque period, musicians were expected to be skilled in ornamentation and improvisation, and trombone players were no exception. Trombonists were often called upon to add embellishments, trills, and other decorative elements to their parts, especially in solo and ensemble music. Improvisation was also a common practice in Baroque music, and trombone players were expected to be able to spontaneously improvise melodic lines, cadenzas, and other ornamentations as part of their performances.
Different Trombone Types: During the Baroque period, various types of trombones were used, including alto, tenor, and bass trombones. These different trombone types had distinct roles in Baroque music, with alto and tenor trombones often used for melodic lines and expressive solos, while bass trombones provided a rich foundation in the lower register of the ensemble. The alto trombone was commonly used in the music of the time, and many Baroque compositions specifically called for the alto trombone as a solo or accompanying instrument.
Overall, the trombone played a significant role in Baroque music, contributing to the rich, sonorous, and expressive soundscape of the time. Its unique sliding mechanism, versatility, and expressive capabilities made it a favored instrument in a wide range of musical genres and settings during the Baroque period, and its popularity has continued to endure in music to the present day.
Classical Period:
In the Classical period (1750-1820), the trombone continued to be used in various musical genres, but its role became more standardized in the orchestra. Trombones were commonly used in symphonies, operas, and chamber music, and they were often featured in brass ensembles. The trombone also began to be used in military bands, as its powerful sound and versatility made it well-suited for outdoor performances.
Here are some key aspects of the trombone's role during the Classical period:
Orchestral Music: The trombone became a standard member of the orchestra during the Classical period, and it was commonly used in symphonies, concertos, and other large-scale orchestral works. The trombone was typically used in the tenor and bass registers, providing a solid foundation to the brass section, and adding depth and richness to the ensemble sound. The trombone was often used in combination with other brass and woodwind instruments to create a balanced and colorful orchestral palette.
Chamber Music: While the trombone was primarily used in orchestras during the Classical period, it was also occasionally employed in chamber music settings. Some composers, such as Mozart, wrote chamber works that included trombone, although it was not as commonly used in chamber music as in orchestral settings during this period.
Solo Music: There were limited solo compositions written specifically for the trombone during the Classical period compared to other instruments. However, some composers, such as Mozart and Beethoven, wrote solo passages for the trombone in their orchestral works, allowing the trombone to shine as a featured solo instrument within the context of an ensemble.
Technical Advances: During the Classical period, technical advancements were made to the trombone, including the development of new slide mechanisms that improved its playability and intonation. These advancements allowed for greater precision and agility in playing, which expanded the musical possibilities of the trombone.
Stylistic Changes: The Classical period brought about changes in musical style compared to the Baroque period, with a shift towards more balanced and symmetrical compositions, and a focus on clarity, balance, and symmetry in musical forms. As a result, the trombone's role in Classical music tended to be more refined, with an emphasis on blending with other instruments and contributing to a balanced and harmonious ensemble sound.
Less Ornamentation and Improvisation: Unlike the Baroque period, which placed a strong emphasis on ornamentation and improvisation, the Classical period saw a reduction in the use of ornamentation and improvisation in composed music. This meant that trombone players were less likely to be required to add embellishments or improvise during performances, and their parts were more often notated with greater detail and precision.
Overall, the trombone continued to be an important instrument during the Classical period, serving as a foundational brass voice in the orchestra and occasionally as a featured solo instrument. The technical advancements, changes in musical style, and reduced emphasis on ornamentation and improvisation during this period influenced the trombone's role and playing style in Classical music.
Romantic Period:
The Romantic period (1820-1900) saw the trombone's continued use in orchestras and bands, but also witnessed the development of new types of trombones. Trombones with additional valves were invented during this period, which allowed for even greater pitch flexibility and expanded the range of the instrument. These new types of trombones, including the valve trombone and the bass trombone, became popular in orchestras and bands, and their use expanded in various musical genres.
Here are some key aspects of the trombone's role during the Romantic period:
Orchestral Music: The trombone continued to be a regular member of the orchestra during the Romantic period, and it was used in a variety of ways to add depth, richness, and emotional intensity to the orchestral sound. Composers such as Beethoven, Berlioz, Wagner, and Mahler wrote for the trombone in their orchestral works, often using it to create dramatic, expressive, and majestic effects. The trombone was sometimes used in solo passages, but more commonly, it played a supporting role within the brass section, providing a solid foundation and contributing to the overall sonority of the orchestra.
Chamber Music: While the trombone was not as commonly used in chamber music settings during the Romantic period compared to the orchestra, there were still some notable chamber works that included the trombone. For example, composers such as Brahms and Bruckner wrote chamber works that featured the trombone, showcasing its unique tone and expressive capabilities in a smaller ensemble setting.
Solo Music: There was an increased interest in solo compositions for the trombone during the Romantic period. Composers such as Ferdinand David, Carl Maria von Weber, and Hector Berlioz wrote solo works specifically for the trombone, highlighting its lyrical and virtuosic capabilities. These solo compositions often required advanced technical skills and expressive playing, allowing the trombone to be featured as a solo instrument.
Expanded Range and Techniques: During the Romantic period, trombones with additional valves were developed, allowing for expanded range and increased technical possibilities. The addition of valves allowed for smoother and faster playing in different registers, facilitating more virtuosic and expressive performances. This also expanded the repertoire and musical possibilities for the trombone, as composers could now write more complex and demanding passages for the instrument.
Expressive and Emotional Playing: The Romantic period was characterized by a focus on individual expression and emotion in music, and the trombone was often used to convey powerful and emotional messages. Composers utilized the trombone's rich and sonorous tone to create a wide range of expressive effects, from solemn and mournful to heroic and triumphant. The trombone was often used in symphonic works to represent grandeur, nobility, and pathos, adding emotional depth and intensity to the music.
Versatility in Styles and Genres: The trombone's versatility allowed it to be used in a wide range of musical styles and genres during the Romantic period. It was featured in orchestral works, chamber music, opera, choral music, and even in early jazz and brass bands. Its unique tonal qualities made it a sought-after instrument for composers to use in a variety of musical contexts, ranging from symphonic works to smaller ensembles and beyond.
Overall, the trombone played a significant role during the Romantic period, characterized by its expressive capabilities, expanded range and techniques, and versatility in various musical styles and genres. The trombone's ability to convey powerful emotions and add richness and depth to the orchestra made it a favored instrument among composers of the Romantic era, and its popularity and usage continued to evolve during this period.
20th Century and Beyond:
In the 20th century, the trombone continued to evolve with advancements in technology and changes in musical styles. Different variations of the trombone, such as the alto trombone, the contrabass trombone, and the superbone, were developed to cater to specific musical needs. The trombone also found its way into various forms of popular music, including jazz, rock, and world music, and became an integral part of many contemporary musical genres.
Here are some key aspects of the trombone's usage during this period:
Avant-garde and Experimental Music: In the 20th century, the trombone became a popular instrument in avant-garde and experimental music. Composers such as Karlheinz Stockhausen, Iannis Xenakis, and Luciano Berio wrote for the trombone in their groundbreaking compositions, pushing the boundaries of traditional tonality, structure, and technique. The trombone was often used to create unique and unconventional sounds, employing extended techniques such as multiphonics, glissandos, and other experimental playing techniques.
Jazz and Popular Music: The trombone continued to play a significant role in jazz and popular music during the 20th century and beyond. In jazz, the trombone is often featured in big bands, small ensembles, and as a solo instrument, contributing to the distinctive sound and character of jazz music. Trombone players such as J.J. Johnson, Frank Rosolino, and Slide Hampton have made significant contributions to the development of jazz trombone playing and have left a lasting impact on the genre.
Film Music: The trombone has been used extensively in film music throughout the 20th century and beyond. Film composers often utilize the trombone to create dramatic and powerful musical effects, adding emotional depth and intensity to film scores. The trombone is frequently featured in epic and action movie soundtracks, as well as in other genres of film music, contributing to the overall sonic palette and enhancing the visual storytelling.
Contemporary Classical Music: In contemporary classical music, the trombone has continued to be used in a wide range of compositions, from orchestral works to chamber music and solo works. Composers such as John Adams, Christopher Rouse, and Jennifer Higdon have incorporated the trombone in their contemporary classical compositions, exploring new sonorities, techniques, and expressions.
Cross-Genre Collaborations: The trombone has been featured in cross-genre collaborations, combining elements of classical, jazz, world music, and other genres. Trombone players have collaborated with musicians from diverse backgrounds, including rock bands, electronic music artists, and world music ensembles, resulting in unique and innovative musical fusions that push the boundaries of traditional genres.
Technological Advancements: In recent years, there have been technological advancements in trombone design, materials, and manufacturing techniques, leading to the development of new types of trombones, including plastic trombones, carbon fiber trombones, and electro-acoustic trombones. These innovations have expanded the range of possibilities for trombone players, allowing for new tonal colors, increased durability, and enhanced playability.
Overall, the trombone has continued to evolve and be a versatile instrument in various genres of music during the 20th century and beyond. Its unique tonal characteristics, expressive capabilities, and adaptability to different musical styles have ensured its continued relevance and importance in the modern musical landscape.
Throughout its history, the trombone has been a versatile and expressive instrument, It has been used in diverse musical settings. The trombone's unique sliding mechanism, along with its rich and resonant sound, has made it a beloved instrument for musicians and audiences alike, and it continues to be a vital part of the modern musical landscape.
Portrayal of trombone in art and culture
The trombone, a distinctive brass instrument known for its elegant shape and sonorous sound, has been a subject of artistic portrayal in various forms of visual art throughout history. From paintings and sculptures to illustrations and photographs, the trombone has captured the imaginations of artists, becoming a prominent symbol and a source of inspiration in artistic depictions.
In classical art, the trombone has often been featured in paintings depicting musical scenes, ensembles, and performances. Renowned artists such as Johannes Vermeer, Jan Steen, and Diego Velázquez have included trombones in their masterpieces, showcasing the instrument's unique shape and its role in musical settings of their time. These paintings often depict trombone players in elaborate costumes, highlighting the instrument's association with ceremonial and formal occasions.
In addition to classical art, the trombone has also been portrayed in more contemporary art forms. Illustrators and cartoonists have used the trombone as a subject in their works, showcasing its distinctive slide mechanism and elongated bell shape in playful and whimsical ways. The trombone's unique appearance and versatility have made it a popular choice for artists seeking to convey a sense of music, performance, or artistic expression in their works.
Photography has also captured the trombone in artistic and documentary forms. Photographers have captured trombone players in action, capturing the instrument's expressive capabilities, dynamic movements, and the interaction between the player and the instrument. Trombones have also been used as props in conceptual photography, symbolizing music, performance, or creative expression in visual storytelling.
Sculptors and craftsmen have also been inspired by the trombone, creating three-dimensional representations of the instrument in various materials, such as metal, wood, and clay. These sculptures often capture the trombone's intricate details, including its slide, bell, and mouthpiece, and are often used in public spaces, music halls, or as decorative pieces in private collections.
The trombone has been featured in various movies, both in live-action films and animated ones. Trombonists have made appearances in films, often adding their unique musicality to the soundtrack, or even taking on roles as characters in the movie. Here are a few examples of trombonists in movies:
"The Blues Brothers" (1980) - In this iconic musical comedy film, the trombone player is a central member of the Blues Brothers band. The character of Trombone Murphy, played by Tom Malone, not only adds his trombone skills to the band's performances but also has some memorable comedic moments throughout the film.
"Soul" (2020) - In this Pixar animated film, the main character, Joe Gardner, is a middle-school band teacher and a jazz pianist. One of his students, a trombone player named Curley, plays an important role in the story, highlighting the trombone's role in jazz and its significance in the protagonist's journey.
The trombone has also made its way into the world of video games, as seen in examples such as Trombone Champ, a rhythm-based video game developed and published by Holy Wow Studios in 2022. Unlike traditional musical games, Trombone Champ is not meant to be taken seriously, but rather relies on the comedic aspect of off-key notes and the distinct sound of the trombone. In fact, its creator has stated that Trombone Champ is "first and foremost a joke, and secondly a video game." Surprisingly, shortly after its release, Trombone Champ quickly gains widespread exposure on social media and Twitch, resulting in unexpected success for the small development studio. Within just one week of its release, it becomes one of the top 10 best-selling games on the Steam platform.
The trombone's portrayal in art is not limited to visual arts alone, but it has also been a source of inspiration in literature, poetry, and other forms of written art. Writers and poets have used the trombone as a metaphor for music, performance, or creative expression, evoking its distinctive sound and visual characteristics to convey emotions, moods, and narratives.
The trombone has also made its way into internet culture, where it has been featured in various memes, jokes, and online content. The internet has created a unique space for trombone-related humor and creativity, with trombone players and enthusiasts often sharing their experiences and humor online. Here are some examples of how the trombone has been portrayed in internet culture:
Trombone memes in music communities: Within online music communities, trombone memes are often shared among musicians and music lovers, highlighting the trombone's unique features, challenges, and humor. These memes can range from inside jokes about trombone technique, slide positions, or repertoire, to humorous anecdotes about the trombone's role in different musical genres or ensembles.
"When Mama Isn't Home" is a popular internet meme that originated in 2014 from a viral video featuring a young boy playing the trombone. The video, often referred to as "Trombone Boy" or "When Mama Isn't Home Trombone," gained widespread attention on social media platforms, particularly Vine and YouTube, and has been shared and remixed in various forms across the internet.
The trombone's distinct sound, appearance, and unique features have made it a popular subject for humor and creativity in internet culture. Trombone-related memes, jokes, and content continue to circulate and bring laughter to trombone players and music enthusiasts online.
Types of Trombones:
A Trombone is a brass instrument that is a member of the trombone family. It is known for its distinctive sliding mechanism, which is used to vary the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. The word "trombone" comes from the Italian word "tromba" which means trumpet, and the suffix "-one" which means big. So "trombone" essentially means "big trumpet". Trombones are typically made of brass, although other materials such as silver, gold, or plastic can also be used.
A typical slide trombone consists of a brass tube with a flared bell at one end and a mouthpiece at the other. The tube is bent into an elongated S-shape, and it features a U-shaped slide that can be moved in and out to change the length of the tubing. This sliding mechanism allows the trombone player to produce a continuous range of pitches by extending or retracting the slide while buzzing their lips into the mouthpiece to create the sound. This gives the trombone its characteristic smooth glissando effect, often referred to as a "slide."
The slide trombone is widely used in various musical genres, including classical, jazz, and popular music. It has a versatile and expressive tone quality, and it can produce smooth legato passages, agile runs, and powerful glissandos. Trombones are commonly found in orchestras, bands, jazz ensembles, and marching bands, and they are played by professional musicians, amateur musicians, and students alike. There are several different types of trombones that vary in size, pitch, and configuration.
Here we are going to talk in detail about the different types of trombone and their usages:
Sackbut
The sackbut is an early brass instrument that is considered the predecessor of the modern trombone. Here are some details about the sackbut. The sackbut originated in Europe during the 15th century and was used primarily in sacred music and courtly ensembles. It was an important instrument in the Renaissance and Baroque periods, and its use continued into the early Classical period.
Here are some details about the Sackbut:
Size: The sackbut typically measures around 120-140 cm in length, although the size can vary depending on the specific model or design. It is generally smaller than the modern tenor trombone.
Pitch: The sackbut is a non-transposing instrument, which means that it produces pitches in the same key as written. However, the pitch of the sackbut can vary depending on the length of the slide and the player's embouchure, making it a flexible instrument in terms of pitch and intonation.
Design: The sackbut has a tapered cylindrical bore, which means that the diameter of the tubing gradually increases towards the bell, resulting in a brighter and more compact sound compared to the modern trombone. It features a sliding U-shaped tube, known as a "slide," which the player uses to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. The sackbut also has a smaller bell compared to the modern trombone.
Usage: The sackbut was widely used during the Renaissance and Baroque periods and was an important instrument in sacred music, courtly ensembles, and chamber music of that time. It is still used today in historical performance practices, with musicians and ensembles performing Renaissance and Baroque music on period instruments to recreate the original sound and style of the music.
Playing Technique: Playing the sackbut requires the player to use their embouchure to buzz into the cup-shaped mouthpiece and manipulate the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. The player's embouchure and air control are critical in producing the desired tone and intonation. The sackbut also allows for various techniques such as glissandos, vibrato, and articulation.
Variations: The sackbut does not have variations with attachments or additional valves like the modern trombone. However, there were different regional styles and designs of the sackbut during its historical period of use, such as the alto sackbut and the bass sackbut, which were smaller and larger versions of the instrument, respectively.
Tenor Trombone:
The tenor trombone is the most common type of trombone and is known for its rich and versatile sound. The tenor trombone is typically pitched in B♭ or C. It has a medium-sized bore and is used in a wide range of musical genres, including classical, jazz, and popular music.
Here are some details about the tenor trombone:
Size: The tenor trombone is the medium-sized trombone in the trombone family and is larger than the alto trombone and smaller than the bass trombone. It typically measures around 250-275 cm in length, although the size can vary depending on the specific model or design.
Pitch: The tenor trombone is usually pitched in B♭, which means that when no valves or slide positions are used, it produces pitches in the B♭ harmonic series. The tenor trombone is notated in the bass clef, and it is typically written in concert pitch, which means that the notes written on the sheet music correspond to the actual pitches produced by the instrument.
Design: The tenor trombone has a cylindrical bore, which means that the diameter of the tubing is relatively consistent throughout the instrument, resulting in a focused and brilliant sound. It typically features a slide mechanism with seven positions, which the player uses to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. The tenor trombone also has a bell that flares out at the end, which helps to project the sound.
Usage: The tenor trombone is one of the most versatile members of the brass family and is used in a wide range of musical genres and ensembles. It is commonly used in symphony orchestras, concert bands, jazz bands, brass ensembles, and many other settings. Its rich and expressive sound makes it suitable for both solo and ensemble playing, and it is often featured in solos, section playing, and improvisation.
Playing Technique: Playing the tenor trombone requires the player to use their embouchure (the position and use of the lips) to buzz into the cup-shaped mouthpiece, while using the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. The player moves the slide in and out to reach specific slide positions that correspond to different pitches, and the player can also use various techniques such as glissandos, vibrato, and articulation to achieve different musical effects.
Variations: There are some variations of the tenor trombone, including the straight tenor trombone and the F-attachment tenor trombone. The straight tenor trombone, also known as a straight horn, does not have an F-attachment and produces pitches only using the slide positions. The F-attachment tenor trombone, also known as an F-rotor trombone or trigger trombone, has an additional valve (F-attachment) that allows the player to access additional notes and alter the length of the tubing, expanding the range and versatility of the instrument.
Bass trombone:
The bass trombone is larger and lower in pitch than the tenor trombone. It has a wider bore and a larger bell, which gives it a deeper and more resonant sound. The bass trombone is often used in orchestras and jazz ensembles for its rich, deep, and powerful tone.
Here are some details about the bass trombone:
Size: The bass trombone is typically larger than the tenor trombone. It can vary in size, but it generally measures around 300 cm in length, although some models can be larger. The larger size of the bass trombone allows it to produce lower frequencies and a more resonant sound.
Pitch: The bass trombone is usually pitched in B♭ or C, which means that when no valves or slide positions are used, it produces pitches in the B♭ or C harmonic series. The bass trombone is notated in the bass clef, and it is typically written in concert pitch, which means that the notes written on the sheet music correspond to the actual pitches produced by the instrument.
Design: The bass trombone typically has a larger bore diameter than the tenor trombone, which results in a more open and powerful sound. It features a slide mechanism with either two or three valves, which the player uses to access additional notes and adjust the length of the tubing. The bass trombone also has a larger bell that flares out at the end, which helps to produce a more resonant and deep tone.
Usage: The bass trombone is commonly used in symphony orchestras, concert bands, brass bands, jazz bands, and other musical ensembles. It is often used to provide the bass foundation and add depth and power to the brass section. The bass trombone is also featured in solos, section playing, and improvisation in various musical genres.
Playing Technique: Playing the bass trombone requires similar techniques as the tenor trombone, including the use of embouchure to buzz into the cup-shaped mouthpiece and the use of the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. In addition, the player may use the valves to access additional notes, alter the length of the tubing, and extend the range of the instrument. The larger size and weight of the bass trombone may also require additional strength and control from the player.
Variations: There are some variations of the bass trombone, including dependent and independent valve systems. In a dependent system, the valves are connected in series, meaning that the player must use them in a specific order. In an independent system, the valves are not connected, allowing the player to use them in any combination. The choice between dependent and independent systems is a matter of personal preference for the player and the musical context.
Alto Trombone
This type of trombone is smaller than the tenor trombone and is pitched in E♭ or F. It has a narrower bore and a smaller bell, which gives it a brighter and more focused sound. The alto trombone is less common than the tenor and bass trombones, but it is occasionally used in certain orchestral or chamber music settings. The alto trombone, also known as the alto clef trombone, is a type of trombone that is smaller than the tenor trombone but larger than the soprano trombone. It is pitched in E♭, which is a perfect fourth above the tenor trombone in B♭, and it is typically notated in the alto clef. The alto trombone has a unique and distinct timbre that makes it suitable for specific musical contexts.
Here are some details about the alto trombone:
Size: The alto trombone is smaller than the tenor trombone and typically measures around 140 cm in length. It is larger than the soprano trombone but smaller than the tenor trombone in the trombone family.
Pitch: The alto trombone is pitched in E♭, which is a perfect fourth above the tenor trombone in B♭. This means that the alto trombone plays higher in pitch than the tenor trombone, but lower than the soprano trombone.
Design: The alto trombone usually has a medium-sized bore and a medium-sized bell, which gives it a balanced and versatile sound. It typically features a straight slide with seven positions, similar to the tenor trombone, and is usually notated in the alto clef, which requires players to read music in a different clef than other trombone types.
Usage: The alto trombone is less commonly used than the tenor trombone or bass trombone, but it is sometimes employed in certain musical contexts. It is often used in orchestras, chamber music, and brass ensembles, where its unique tonal qualities and ability to play in the alto range can provide a distinctive voice in the ensemble. It is also sometimes used in jazz and other genres of music for its unique timbre and expressive capabilities.
Playing Technique: Playing the alto trombone requires similar techniques to other trombones, including buzzing the lips into a cup-shaped mouthpiece while using the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. However, reading music in the alto clef and playing in the alto range can present challenges for trombonists who are more familiar with the tenor trombone or bass trombone. It may require adjustments in embouchure, slide positions, and musical interpretation to produce accurate intonation and control the instrument's unique tone.
Soprano Trombone
A soprano trombone, also mistakely known as a slide trumpet, is a brass instrument that belongs to the trombone family. It is smaller in size and higher in pitch than the more commonly known tenor trombone, and it is played using a similar sliding mechanism for changing the pitch.
Here are some details about the soprano trombone:
Size: The soprano trombone is smaller than the alto trombone and typically measures around 120 cm in length. It is larger than the soprano trombone but smaller than the tenor trombone in the trombone family.
Pitch: The alto trombone is pitched in B♭, which is a perfect octave above the tenor trombone in B♭. This means that the alto trombone plays higher in pitch than the tenor trombone.
Design: The soprano trombone usually has a bell the size of a trumpet bell, which gives it a bright sound. It typically features a straight slide with six or seven positions, and is usually notated in the Treble clef, which requires players to read music in a different clef than other trombone types.
Usage: The soprano trombone is less commonly used than the tenor trombone or bass trombone, but it is sometimes employed in certain musical contexts. It is often used in orchestras, chamber music, and brass ensembles, where its unique tonal qualities and ability to play in the soprano range can provide a distinctive voice in the ensemble. It is also sometimes used in jazz and other genres of music for its unique timbre and expressive capabilities.
Playing Technique: Playing the soprano trombone requires similar techniques to other trombones, including buzzing the lips into a cup-shaped mouthpiece while using the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. However, reading music in the treble clef and playing in the soprano range can present challenges for trombonists who are more familiar with the tenor trombone or bass trombone. It may require adjustments in embouchure, slide positions, and musical interpretation to produce accurate intonation and control the instrument's unique tone.
Picolo Trombone
This type of trombone is one of the smallest and highest-pitched member of the trombone family. It is pitched in B♭ or C and is used for its bright and piercing sound in certain brass ensembles or specialized musical contexts.
Here are some details about the piccolo trombone:
Size: The piccolo trombone is the smallest trombone, usually measuring around 3-4 feet in length. It is typically shorter and more compact than other trombone types, such as the tenor or bass trombone.
Pitch: The piccolo trombone is usually pitched in B♭ or C, although other pitch options such as E♭ or F can also be found, albeit less commonly. The piccolo Trombone plays 2 octave higher than the tenor trombone.
Design: The piccolo trombone usually has a narrow bore and a small bell, which gives it a bright and focused sound. It often features a compact slide with fewer positions compared to larger trombones, typically ranging from two to four positions. The slide may be either straight or have a curved design, depending on the manufacturer and model.
Usage: The piccolo trombone is less commonly used than other trombone types. It is also sometimes used as a novelty instrument or for solo performances, showcasing its unique and distinctive tone.
Playing Technique: Playing the piccolo trombone requires similar techniques to other trombones, including buzzing the lips into a cup-shaped mouthpiece while using the slide to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. Due to its smaller size, the piccolo trombone may require more precise control and embouchure adjustments to produce accurate intonation and control the instrument's bright tone.
Picolino Trombone
This type of trombone is one of the smallest and highest-pitched members of the trombone family. It is pitched in F and is used for its piercing sound.
Here are some details about the Piccolino trombone:
Size: The picolino trombone is the smallest trombone. It can be considered as a pocket size trombone.
Pitch: The piccolo trombone is usually pitched in F, above the piccolo trombone
Usage: The piccolino trombone is less commonly used than other trombone types. It is also sometimes used as a novelty instrument or for solo performances, showcasing its unique and distinctive tone. This instrument can also be used as a comedic factor due to its small size.
Valve trombone
Unlike the traditional slide trombones, which use a sliding mechanism to change the length of the tubing, the valve trombone uses valves, like those found on a trumpet or a euphonium, to change the pitch. Valve trombones are less common than slide trombones but are still used in some jazz or brass band settings. valve trombone is sometimes referred to as a "valved trombone" or a "slide trumpet" due to its combination of trombone-like characteristics with valve-operated pitch changes.
Here are some details about the valve trombone:
Design: The valve trombone typically features three or four valves, like those found on a trumpet or a tuba, which can be used to change the pitch of the instrument by pressing the valve buttons. These valves are typically piston valves or rotary valves, and they allow the player to produce different pitches by altering the length of the tubing. The valve trombone usually has a similar tubing length to the tenor trombone, but it lacks the slide mechanism and has a straight or slightly curved tubing design.
Tonal Qualities: The valve trombone produces a different tonal quality compared to a traditional trombone with a slide. The use of valves allows for faster and smoother pitch changes, resulting in a more legato and seamless sound. The valve trombone has a more compact and focused tone compared to the slide trombone, with a brighter and more trumpet-like quality due to the use of valves.
Playing Technique: Playing the valve trombone requires similar brass instrument techniques as other brass instruments with valves, such as the trumpet or tuba. Players use their embouchure to buzz into the cup-shaped mouthpiece, while using the valves to change the pitch of the instrument. The valve trombone requires different fingerings and valve combinations compared to a slide trombone, and players need to develop familiarity with these fingerings and learn to control intonation, tone, and articulation with the valves.
Usage: The valve trombone is used in a variety of musical contexts, including jazz, big band, and Latin music, where its valve system allows for rapid and precise changes in pitch. It is also sometimes used in orchestras, brass ensembles, and other genres of music for its unique tonal qualities and expressive capabilities. It is typically found in the hands of trombonists or brass players who seek its unique capabilities and tonal qualities.
Contrabass trombone
The contrabass trombone, also known as the double bass trombone. is the largest and lowest-pitched member of the trombone family. It is an extremely rare and specialized instrument, reserved for specific musical contexts where an even lower range and more powerful sound are desired.
Here are some details about the contrabass trombone:
Size: The contrabass trombone is the largest trombone in the trombone family and is significantly larger than the bass trombone. It can vary in size, but it generally measures around 350 cm in length or even larger. The contrabass trombone is typically designed to be played horizontally, with the bell pointing forward, due to its large size and weight.
Pitch: The contrabass trombone is usually pitched in either F or B♭, although other tunings are possible. The F contrabass trombone is more common, and it produces pitches in the F harmonic series when no valves or slide positions are used. The contrabass trombone is notated in the bass clef and is typically written in concert pitch.
Design: The contrabass trombone typically has an even larger bore diameter than the bass trombone, which results in an even more open and resonant sound. It usually features a slide mechanism with two or three valves, which the player uses to access additional notes and adjust the length of the tubing. The contrabass trombone also has an extremely large and heavy bell that flares out at the end, contributing to its deep and powerful sound.
Usage: The contrabass trombone is an extremely rare instrument and is typically used in very specific musical contexts, such as in large orchestras, brass bands, or experimental music. It is often used to provide the lowest foundational bass notes and add immense depth and power to the brass section. Due to its specialized nature and rarity, the contrabass trombone is not commonly found in everyday musical ensembles and is usually played by highly skilled and experienced trombonists.
Playing Technique: Playing the contrabass trombone requires similar techniques as the bass trombone, including the use of embouchure to buzz into the cup-shaped mouthpiece and the use of the slide and valves to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches. However, the larger size and weight of the contrabass trombone may require additional strength and control from the player, as well as special techniques to handle the instrument's size and weight.
Variation: Some contrabass Trombone comes with a double slide to have the same slide positions as a tenor trombone.
The Superbone
The Superbone is a unique and specialized type of trombone that combines elements of both the tenor trombone and the valve trombone. It is a hybrid instrument that features both a slide mechanism and valves, allowing for increased versatility in terms of playing techniques and range.
Here are some details about the Superbone:
Size: The Superbone is similar in size to the tenor trombone, typically measuring around 250-275 cm in length. It may have a slightly larger bore size compared to a traditional tenor trombone to accommodate the addition of valves.
Pitch: The Superbone is typically pitched in B♭ or C, similar to the tenor trombone. It is notated in the bass clef and is typically written in concert pitch.
Design: The Superbone features both a slide mechanism and valves. The slide allows the player to adjust the length of the tubing and produce different pitches, similar to a tenor trombone. The valves, typically three in number, provide additional pitch options and allow for faster and smoother transitions between notes compared to the slide. The Superbone may also have a bell that flares out at the end, similar to a tenor trombone, to help project the sound.
Usage: The Superbone is a specialized instrument that is often used in jazz, fusion, and contemporary music settings. Its unique combination of slide and valves allows for a wide range of playing techniques, such as glissandos, vibrato, and articulation, making it suitable for various musical genres and improvisation. It is also used in some brass ensembles and as a solo instrument in certain contexts.
Playing Technique: Playing the Superbone requires the player to use a combination of embouchure, slide, and valves. The embouchure is used to buzz into the mouthpiece, while the slide is used to adjust the length of the tubing for pitch changes, and the valves are used to access additional pitches and achieve different musical effects. The player needs to develop a balance between slide and valve techniques to fully utilize the capabilities of the Superbone.
Variations: There may be some variations of the Superbone in terms of design and features, as different manufacturers may have their own unique approaches to building this hybrid instrument. Some Superbones may have additional features such as different valve configurations or alternative materials used in construction, which can affect the overall sound and performance characteristics of the instrument.
3D Printed Trombone
3D printing technology has made significant advancements in recent years, and it has been applied to the production of musical instruments, including trombones. 3D printed trombones are made using specialized printers that use materials such as plastic or metal to create a three-dimensional model of the instrument.
One of the benefits of 3D printed trombones is their customizability. Because the trombone can be designed using computer-aided design (CAD) software, it is possible to create an instrument that is tailored to the specific needs of the player. This includes adjustments to the size and shape of the instrument, as well as modifications to the bell or slide.
However, it's important to note that 3D printed trombones are still relatively new, and they may not have the same sound quality as traditional brass instruments. Many professional players still prefer the sound and feel of a traditional trombone, but 3D printed instruments offer an exciting and innovative alternative for musicians and instrument makers alike.
Listen to the Trombone:
Here are pieces where you can find the trombone. Some of the following pieces are important and influential pieces of trombone music from various genres and styles that you may want to listen to:
"Canzon Septimi Toni No. 2" by Giovanni Gabrieli - This piece, composed in the late Renaissance period, is known for its intricate brass writing and features prominent trombone parts. Gabrieli, an Italian composer and organist, was known for his innovative use of multiple choirs of instruments, including trombones, in his works.
"Sonata Pian' e Forte" by Giovanni Gabrieli - This piece, composed in the late Renaissance period, is one of the earliest known compositions that specifically calls for trombones. Gabrieli's use of antiphonal brass writing, with trombones placed in different locations to create spatial effects, is considered groundbreaking and has influenced the role of trombones in later music.
"Laudate Dominum" by Claudio Monteverdi - This sacred choral piece, composed in the early Baroque period, includes trombones in its orchestration. Monteverdi, an Italian composer and one of the pioneers of opera, incorporated trombones in his compositions to add depth and grandeur to his sacred music.
"Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary" by Henry Purcell - This Baroque funeral music, composed in the late 17th century, features trombones in its orchestration, adding a mournful and somber tone to the piece. Purcell, an English composer, is known for his dramatic and expressive compositions, and his use of trombones in this work is a notable example of the instrument's role in Baroque music.
"Gloria in D Major" by Antonio Vivaldi - This choral work, composed in the Baroque period, includes trombones in its orchestration, providing a rich and powerful sonority to the piece. Vivaldi, an Italian composer known for his virtuosic compositions, often employed brass instruments, including trombones, in his works for their majestic and expressive qualities.
"Praeludium and Allegro" by Gottfried Reiche - This Baroque piece, composed in the late 17th century, is one of the earliest known works specifically written for trombone. Reiche, a German composer and trumpeter, wrote this piece as a showcase for the technical capabilities of the trombone, featuring virtuosic and challenging passages.
"Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67" ("Fate") by Ludwig van Beethoven - This iconic symphony, first performed in 1808, is known for its powerful and dramatic themes, including the use of trombones. Beethoven was a pioneering composer who broke new ground by including trombones in a secular symphony, a departure from their traditional use in religious music. The addition of trombones in "Symphony No. 5" marked a significant moment in the history of the trombone, establishing its presence in the symphonic repertoire and paving the way for its further inclusion in Beethoven's later works, such as "Symphony No. 6 in F major, Op. 68" ("Pastoral Symphony") and "Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125" ("The Choral") includes a memorable trombone solo in the fourth movement, known as the "Ode to Joy." The trombone's powerful and expressive tone adds to the grandeur and emotional impact of this monumental work. Beethoven's innovative use of trombones in his symphonies laid the foundation for the trombone to become a fixture in orchestras in the 19th century, elevating its status as an important instrument in classical music.
"Concerto for Trombone and Orchestra" by Launy Grøndahl - This is one of the most well-known and frequently performed trombone concertos. It was composed in 1924 and is a staple in the trombone repertoire. The concerto showcases the trombone's technical and expressive capabilities, with lyrical melodies, virtuosic passages, and a rich orchestral accompaniment.
"Blue Bells of Scotland" by Arthur Pryor - This is a popular and challenging solo piece for trombone composed in 1897. The theme is a traditional Scottish folk tune that is simple and memorable. One of the notable features of "Blue Bells of Scotland" is its demanding technical requirements. The piece requires the trombonist to perform rapid articulations, which are quick and precise movements of the tongue to produce distinct notes. This requires a high level of control and coordination of the embouchure, slide, and tongue. Additionally, the piece includes wide leaps, which are large intervals between notes that require accurate slide technique and accurate pitch control. The agility in the high register is also necessary, as the piece ventures into the upper range of the trombone, requiring the trombonist to produce clear and resonant notes in the higher register of the instrument.
"Trombone Institute of Technology" by Frank Rosolino - This is a famous jazz piece featuring trombone as both a solo and ensemble instrument. Composed by renowned jazz trombonist Frank Rosolino, it showcases his incredible technical abilities, improvisational skills, and distinctive style, and is considered a classic in the jazz trombone repertoire.
"Symphony for Trombone and Orchestra" by Derek Bourgeois - This is a significant work for trombone and orchestra that combines elements of classical and jazz music. It features challenging solos for the trombone, with virtuosic passages, expressive melodies, and dynamic contrasts. The piece is known for its blend of traditional and contemporary styles, making it a notable addition to the modern trombone repertoire.
"Concertino for Trombone and Orchestra" by Lars-Erik Larsson - This is a popular piece for trombone and orchestra that showcases the instrument's lyrical and expressive capabilities. Composed in a neoclassical style, it features beautiful melodies, technical challenges, and an engaging interplay between the trombone soloist and the orchestra.
"Fanfare for Trombone" by Eric Ewazen - This is a contemporary solo work for trombone that has become a staple in the modern trombone repertoire. It is a virtuosic and challenging piece that explores the full range and capabilities of the trombone, with intricate technical passages, expressive melodies, and dynamic contrasts.
"Romeo and Juliet" by Sergei Prokofiev - This is a well-known orchestral suite that features prominent trombone solos in the "Dance of the Knights" movement. The trombone solos in this piece are known for their dark and dramatic character, adding to the emotional intensity of the music.
"Symphony No. 3" by Gustav Mahler is a monumental work in the symphonic repertoire, composed between 1893 and 1896. It is known for its grand scale, intricate structure, and profound emotional depth. The symphony is scored for a massive orchestra, including a large brass section that prominently features the trombone. One of the most remarkable moments in Symphony No. 3 is the third movement, titled "Comodo. Scherzando." This movement features a lively and playful theme introduced by the trombone, which is then developed and passed on to other instruments in the orchestra. The trombone's solo in this movement is often seen as a highlight of the symphony, showcasing the instrument's agility, versatility, and expressive capabilities.
"Symphony No. 2" by Gustav Mahler, also known as the "Resurrection Symphony," is a monumental work by Gustav Mahler, composed between 1888 and 1894. It is one of his most popular and widely performed symphonies. The symphony is scored for a large orchestra, including a massive choir and vocal soloists in the final movement. In the final movement, the trombone plays a crucial role in the climactic choral setting of the text "Aufersteh'n" or "Resurrection." The trombone's majestic and triumphant tones add to the grandeur of the choral finale, which expresses themes of resurrection, redemption, and spiritual transformation. The trombone's powerful playing contributes to the emotional impact of this moment, helping to convey the sense of transcendence and renewal that is central to the symphony's overarching narrative.
"Sonata for Trombone and Piano" by Paul Hindemith - This is a significant work in the trombone solo repertoire composed in the 20th century. It features Hindemith's distinctively angular and modernistic style, with challenging technical passages, complex rhythms, and expressive melodies.
"T-Bone Concerto" by Johan de Meij - This is a well-known contemporary concerto for trombone and concert band. It is a virtuosic and challenging piece that showcases the trombone's versatility and expressive capabilities, with a mix of classical and jazz elements.
"Grande Symphony de Salon for Trombone and Orchestra" by Georg Christoph Wagenseil - This is an important piece in the early trombone repertoire, composed in the late 18th century. It is a virtuosic and expressive work that showcases the trombone's capabilities in the classical style, with fast and technical passages, lyrical melodies, and a rich orchestral accompaniment.
"Aria" by Eugene Bozza - This is a popular and frequently performed solo piece for trombone. It is a lyrical and expressive work that requires the trombone player to display their technical and expressive abilities, with beautiful melodic lines, dynamic contrasts, and expressive phrasing.
"Trombone Quartet" by Jan Koetsier - This is a significant work in the trombone chamber music repertoire. It is a challenging and engaging piece for four trombones, showcasing their individual and ensemble capabilities, with intricate harmonies, virtuosic passages, and dynamic contrasts.
"The Planets" by Gustav Holst - This orchestral suite composed in 1917 features a prominent trombone solo in the "Mars, the Bringer of War" movement. The trombone solo is known for its powerful and aggressive character, adding to the dramatic and intense nature of the music.
"Bolero" by Maurice Ravel - This orchestral piece, composed in the early 20th century, features a prominent trombone solo in its opening bars. The trombone's distinctive glissando, created by the sliding mechanism, is a signature element of this piece and has become one of the most well-known trombone solos in classical music.
"West Side Story" by Leonard Bernstein - This iconic Broadway musical, composed in the mid-20th century, features a prominent trombone solo in the "Prologue" and "Cool" movements. The trombone's brassy, jazzy sound is integral to the lively and energetic character of this beloved musical.
"Concerto for Orchestra" by Béla Bartók - This influential orchestral work, composed in the mid-20th century, includes a challenging and virtuosic trombone solo in the second movement, known as the "Giuoco delle coppie" (Game of Pairs). The trombone's agility and technical capabilities are highlighted in this complex and dynamic piece.
"Trombone Concerto" by Henri Tomasi - This important concerto, composed in the mid-20th century, is one of the most frequently performed works in the trombone solo repertoire. It features a demanding and expressive solo part, showcasing the trombone's full range and capabilities, and has become a staple in the classical trombone repertoire.
"Bone Man Walking" by Christian Lindberg - This contemporary piece, composed in the late 20th century by renowned trombone virtuoso Christian Lindberg, is known for its innovative and extended techniques, pushing the boundaries of what is possible on the trombone. It has become a landmark work in the contemporary trombone repertoire and has inspired many trombone players and composers alike.
"Dupree's Paradise" by Frank Zappa featuring Ensemble Intercontemporain and Barking Pumpkin Digital Gratification Consort - This avant-garde composition, released in the late 20th century, is a prime example of Frank Zappa's innovative and experimental approach to music. Blending rock, jazz, and classical elements, Zappa's "Dupree's Paradise" features intricate trombone parts performed by the esteemed Ensemble Intercontemporain and Barking Pumpkin Digital Gratification Consort. The trombone lines in this piece push the boundaries of traditional trombone playing, incorporating extended techniques, intricate rhythms, and unconventional harmonies.
"The Star Wars Original Soundtrack (OST) ", composed by John Williams, is an iconic and beloved film score that has captivated audiences for decades. The trombone, as a brass instrument, plays a prominent role in the Star Wars OST, contributing to the epic and majestic sound that has become synonymous with the franchise. One of the most memorable uses of the trombone in the Star Wars OST is in the "Imperial March" (also known as "Darth Vader's Theme"), which first appears in the film "The Empire Strikes Back." The trombone is utilized to convey the dark, menacing, and authoritative presence of Darth Vader, the central antagonist of the Star Wars saga. The deep, rich tone of the trombone adds a sense of weight and power to the theme, enhancing the character's imposing demeanor. In addition to the "Imperial March," the trombone is featured in various other cues throughout the Star Wars OST, contributing to the grandiosity of the orchestral score. It is often used in combination with other brass instruments, such as trumpets and French horns, to create bold and heroic melodies that accompany the adventures, battles, and emotional moments of the Star Wars saga.
"Symphony No. 8" by Bruckner - The trombone plays a significant role in this piece, adding to its grandeur, complexity, and spiritual character. It contributes to majestic, lyrical, and triumphant moments throughout the symphony, serving as a crucial component of the rich and powerful orchestration. The trombone's bold and resonant tones help convey Bruckner's monumental vision in this monumental work.
"Symphony No. 9" by Antonin Dvorak - The trombone plays an important role in Dvorak's Symphony No. 9, also known as "From the New World." The trombone part in this symphony is characterized by its rich and expressive melodies, majestic fanfares, and powerful moments of orchestral grandeur. It contributes to the symphony's diverse range of emotions, from sweeping melodies to triumphant passages, adding depth and color to the overall orchestration. The trombone's unique timbre and versatility are utilized by Dvorak to create moments of drama, lyricism, and intensity, making it an integral part of the symphony's overall sound and impact.
Sources
Books:
"The Trombone: The Instrument and Its Music" by Robin Gregory
"The Trombone in the Renaissance: A History in Pictures and Documents" by Keith Polk
"The Trombone: An Illustrated History" by Trevor Herbert and John Wallace
"The Cambridge Companion to Brass Instruments" by Trevor Herbert
Websites:
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